EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing) is a structured therapy designed to help people recover from trauma and PTSD. It uses bilateral stimulation, such as guided eye movements, to support the brain’s processing of distressing memories. One theory is that this draws on processes similar to the rapid eye movement (REM) phase of sleep, when the brain processes daily experiences, though the exact mechanism is still being researched.
EMDR was developed in 1987 by psychologist Francine Shapiro to help the brain reprocess traumatic memories that have remained “stuck” and unprocessed.
For how EMDR is used specifically to treat trauma and post-traumatic stress, see our guide to EMDR for trauma and PTSD.
How does EMDR therapy work?
EMDR works with the brain’s adaptive information processing system. When a traumatic memory is triggered, it can activate intense emotional and physical responses. EMDR helps change how the brain stores and responds to that memory by:
- Identifying the disturbing memory
- Activating bilateral stimulation (for example, eye movements)
- Associating new, adaptive thoughts with the memory
- Reducing emotional distress
Over time, the memory tends to lose its emotional intensity and stops interfering with daily life.
What types of trauma can EMDR treat?
EMDR can help with both “big-T” and “small-t” traumas.
Big-T trauma examples:
- Physical or sexual assault
- War or combat exposure
- Natural disasters
- Car accidents
Small-t trauma examples:
- Emotional neglect
- Bullying or social rejection
- Relocation or job loss
- Family conflict
Both forms of trauma can overwhelm the nervous system and contribute to long-term distress if left unprocessed.
What happens to trauma in the brain?
Unprocessed trauma is thought to be held in the brain’s emotional centres, including the limbic system, which can drive distressing triggers and emotional flashbacks. When the brain’s natural coping system does not fully integrate a traumatic experience, the memory can stay fragmented and emotionally charged. Everyday triggers can then activate:
- Fear
- Panic
- Hypervigilance
- Dissociation
EMDR allows the brain to access these memories in a safe way, integrate them, and reduce their emotional power.
Why is EMDR different from talk therapy?
EMDR does not require detailed verbal recounting of traumatic events. Unlike traditional talk therapies, it focuses on memory reprocessing rather than prolonged discussion. The client stays aware but does not need to relive or describe every detail.
Benefits:
- Non-invasive and structured
- Faster progress for many clients
- Reduced emotional overwhelm
- Helpful for people who find it hard to talk about trauma
This makes EMDR suitable for clients who feel stuck in trauma without having to revisit every memory verbally.
What are the stages of EMDR therapy?
EMDR is delivered in eight structured phases:
| Phase | Purpose |
| 1 | History taking and treatment planning |
| 2 | Preparation and building emotional safety |
| 3 | Target identification |
| 4–7 | Desensitisation, installation, body scan, closure |
| 8 | Re-evaluation and follow-up |
Each phase builds on safety and readiness, allowing clients to process at their own pace.
Who benefits from EMDR therapy?
EMDR is used with children, adolescents and adults experiencing trauma-related symptoms (children require a clinician with specific training in EMDR for younger clients).
Conditions it can help with:
- PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)
- Complex PTSD (C-PTSD)
- Anxiety disorders
- Panic attacks
- Phobias
- Grief and loss
- Childhood neglect or abuse
Research supports EMDR across diverse populations and cultures.
What does the research say about EMDR?
EMDR has a substantial evidence base for PTSD, including more than 30 randomised controlled trials. Some studies of single-incident trauma report that most people improve within a small number of sessions, though results vary with the complexity and history of the trauma. EMDR is recommended for PTSD by the World Health Organization and NICE, and is included in American Psychological Association guidance. For many people it is as effective as trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for trauma-related symptoms.
How can EMDR support long-term healing?
By reducing the emotional charge of traumatic memories, EMDR helps people:
- Regain a sense of safety
- Improve daily functioning
- Strengthen self-regulation
- Reconnect with purpose and self-worth
Healing becomes possible without retraumatisation, helping people live more fully in the present.
Where can you get EMDR therapy in Australia?
EMDR-trained clinicians are available across Australia, particularly in trauma-informed psychology practices. To start EMDR, look for a registered psychologist with EMDR training. A collaborative care plan may involve:
- Initial assessment of trauma history
- Goal setting
- Safety planning
- Referral to medical or allied health professionals as needed
You can discuss EMDR as part of your therapy options with a trauma-informed psychologist.
Ready to explore EMDR therapy?
If you are living with the effects of trauma, EMDR may help. At Mind-Care, our psychologists offer trauma-informed therapy for adolescents and adults, including EMDR, CBT and integrative approaches. Appointments are available in person in Newcastle and Charlestown, and via secure telehealth across NSW.
Book an appointment or contact our team to talk through whether EMDR is right for you.
This article was reviewed and updated by the Mind-Care team in June 2026.
